Altitudinal variation in mycorrhizal fungal richness and community differentiation. Richness of various taxa of mycorrhizal fungi including Arbuscular (A), Glomerales (B), Diversisporales (C), ectomycorrhizal fungi (D), Basidiomycota (E), and Ascomycota (F) across five altitudinal gradient zones. Community differences among arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi are shown in G and H, respectively, while I and J depict the decomposition of β-diversity within these fungal communities. Repl: replacement; RichDiff: richness difference.