The relationships between ecosystem multifunctionality and environmental factors across altitudinal gradients. A, B direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on multifunctionality; C relative importance of individual environmental factors. EBF: evergreen broad-leaved forest; CBMF: coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; CF: coniferous forest; SDF: subalpine dwarf forest; ALM: alpine meadow; MC_F: fresh soil moisture content; MC_AD: air-dried soil moisture content; MAT: mean annual temperature; MAP: mean annual precipitation; AMF_PD; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic diversity; AMF_rich: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal richness; AMF_Modularity: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal network modularity; AMF_Density: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal network density; EMF_PD; ectomycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic diversity; EMF_rich: ectomycorrhizal fungal richness; EMF_Modularity: ectomycorrhizal fungal network modularity; EMF_Density: ectomycorrhizal fungal network density.