Poplar cuttings and fungal materials

Artificial synthesis of eFp–poplar associations in vitro

Microscopy and anatomical description of the eFp-root association

Measurement of poplar growth and nutrient uptake

14C and 15N isotopic tracer experiments

Pangenomes of F. pseugraminearum and recombination analysis

Comparative phylogenomics

Genomic structural variations between eFp and pathogenic F. pseudograminearum CS3096

Semi-quantitative measurements of H2O2 production in roots colonised by eFp and Fp8

Sweet1 gene expression pattern in populus roots when interacting with eFp and Fp8

In planta – and in vitro fungal gene expressions related to toxin biosynthesis

Data analysis and statistics

Morphological and anatomical structures of eFp–poplar associations

eFp improves growth and nutrient uptake of P. tomentosa

Two-way flow of nutrients inferred from 15N and 13C isotopic tracing

Expression patterns of the poplar PtSweet1 during interactions with eFp and Fp8

eFp benefits a wide range of plant lineages

Difference in poplar root H2O2 production during interactions with eFp and Fp8

eFp retains a genome structurally similar, but is highly divergent to pathogenic F. pseudograminearum

ECM-like associations can arise without prior co-evolution

eFp serves as a beneficial mycobiont

Endophyte–ECM plant interactions versus ECM fungus–non-ECM plant interactions

Conflict of interest

Ethical statement

Adherence to national and international regulations

Funding

Author contributions

Author ORCIDs

Data availability