Symbiotic synergy: How Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi enhance nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and soil health through molecular mechanisms and hormonal regulation

Nazir Ahmed; Juan Li; Yongquan Li; Lifang Deng; Lansheng Deng; Muzafaruddin Chachar; Zaid Chachar; Sadaruddin Chachar; Faisal Hayat; Ahmed Raza; Javed Hussain Umrani; Lin Gong; Panfeng Tu

doi:10.3897/imafungus.16.144989

Review Article

IMA Fungus 16: e144989
https://doi.org/10.3897/imafungus.16.144989 (21 Mar 2025)

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Article title
Abstract
Key words
Introduction
Cellular and molecular dynamics of AM symbiosis with plants
- Root exudates and elicitor release in AM symbiosis
- AM root colonization: invasion and hyphopodia formation
- Arbuscule formation
- Arbuscule senescence
- Vesicle and spore formation and nutrient transport in AM symbiosis
Hormonal regulation of AM symbiosis through integrative signaling mechanisms and stress adaptation
- Strigolactones (SLs): Dual roles in symbiosis and root architecture
- Cytokinins (CKs): Coordinating root development and mycorrhizal symbiosis
- Auxins (AUX): Shaping root morphology for Mycorrhizal colonization
- Brassinosteroids (BRs): Integrating growth and symbiotic functions
- Salicylic Acid (SA): Influence on AM symbiosis through stress regulation
- Gibberellins (GAs): Regulation of fungal colonization and arbuscule formation
- Ethylene: A key negative regulator of AM symbiosis
- Jasmonic Acid (JA): Modulating mycorrhizal interactions and plant defense
- Abscisic Acid (ABA): Enhancing symbiotic efficiency and stress tolerance
- Nitric Oxide (NO) and Karrikins (KARs): Modulating stress responses and AM symbiosis
Role of AM in enhancing soil health and fertility
- Chemical enhancements and nutrient cycling
- Physical properties and soil structure
- Biological properties and microbial diversity
- Enzymatic contributions to soil fertility
- AM and environmental sustainability
Role of AM in enhancing nutrient availability and uptake
Mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance and crop yield and quality improvements mediated by AM
- Modulation of antioxidant defense systems
- Improved water use efficiency and abiotic tolerance
- AM mediated enhanced soil detoxification
- Crop yield improvement mediated by AM
- AM effect on crop quality attributes
- Impact of environmental stressors on AM colonization and functionality
Challenges in optimizing AM inoculation techniques for enhancing plant resilience and productivity
- AM species diversity
- Host plant specificity and compatibility
- Optimization of application timing
- Interplay of AM with environmental and soil factors
- Application methods
- Potential downsides of AM use
- Challenges in AM application across diverse crops, soil conditions, and climates
Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgements
Additional information
- Conflict of interest
- Ethical statement
- Adherence to national and international regulations
- Funding
- Author contributions
- Author ORCIDs
- Data availability
References

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