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  • ContentsContents
  • Article InfoArticle Info
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  • TaxaTaxa
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  • Article title
  • Abstract
  • Key words
  • Introduction
  • Materials and methods
    • Target lichen species
    • Experiment equipment
    • Experimental conditions
    • Estimation of X-ray doses at Mars surface
    • Morphological and anatomical analysis
    • Membrane lipid peroxidation
    • Integrity of cell membranes
    • Dehydrogenase activity
    • Hydrogen peroxide assay
    • Sugar alcohols
    • Secondary metabolites
    • Glutathione determination
    • Pigment analysis and measurement of chlorophyll a integrity
    • Photosynthetic efficiency
    • Statistical analysis
  • Results
    • Morphological and anatomical traits
    • Vitality assay and oxidative stress
    • Antioxidant activity
    • Sugar alcohols
    • Secondary metabolites
    • Photosynthetic pigments
    • Photosynthetic efficiency
  • Discussion
    • Oxidative stress and lichen responses
    • Effect of low-pressure Mars-like CO2 atmosphere
    • Sugar alcohols
    • Photobiont responses
    • Potential adaptive traits of lichens
  • Conclusions
  • Additional information
    • Conflict of interest
    • Ethical statement
    • Adherence to national and international regulations
    • Funding
    • Author contributions
    • Author ORCIDs
    • Data availability
  • References
  • Supplementary material
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