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Research Article
Species diversity of Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora (Diaporthales) from Fagaceae hosts in China
expand article infoNing Jiang‡, Han Xue‡, Yong Li‡
‡ Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Yong Li ( lylx@caf.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Yasmina Marin-Felix
© 2025 Ning Jiang, Han Xue, Yong Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Jiang N, Xue H, Li Y (2025) Species diversity of Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora (Diaporthales) from Fagaceae hosts in China. IMA Fungus 16: e153782. https://doi.org/10.3897/imafungus.16.153782
Open Access

Abstract

Diaporthales is an important fungal order comprising plant-associated pathogens, endophytes, and saprobes in commercial crops and forest trees. Over the past decades, utilizing multiple gene phylogeny has substantially advanced our understanding of taxonomic relationships within this order, leading to the recognition of 35 morphologically and molecularly well-supported families. Among these, Pseudoplagiostoma (Pseudoplagiostomataceae) and Pyrispora (Pyrisporaceae) form two phylogenetically closely related lineages that exhibit distinct morphological characteristics. In this study, we conducted comprehensive morphological and phylogenetic analyses of fungal specimens associated with Fagaceae hosts and proposed four new species and two new combinations: Ps. fagaceaearum sp. nov., Ps. neocastanopsidis sp. nov., Ps. quercus sp. nov., Py. humilis comb. nov., Py. myracrodruonis comb. nov., and Py. quercicola sp. nov. Furthermore, based on detailed morphological comparisons and molecular evidence, we synonymized Neoplagiostoma with Pyrispora, Ps. castaneae and N. castaneae with Py. castaneae, Ps. ilicis with Ps. wuyishanense and Ps. diaoluoshanense with Ps. mangiferae. This study provides substantial morphological and molecular data that significantly contribute to our understanding of Pseudoplagiostomataceae and Pyrisporaceae, thereby establishing a robust foundation for future taxonomic revisions and systematic investigations within Diaporthales. The findings not only expand our knowledge of fungal diversity associated with Fagaceae but also enhance our comprehension of evolutionary relationships within these important fungal families.

Key words:

Ascomycota, molecular phylogeny, Sordariomycetes, systematics, taxonomy

Introduction

The fungal order Diaporthales represents a monophyletic group within Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota). Morphologically, members of Diaporthales are characterized by their teleomorphic features, which include solitary or aggregated, immersed or erumpent, orange, brown, or black perithecial ascomata in stromatic tissues or substrates, often with a defined centrum; unitunicate asci with a prominent refractive ring; short to elongate, aseptate or septate, hyaline or pigmented ascospores (Barr 1978; Crous et al. 2012a; Senanayake et al. 2017a, 2018). In contrast, the anamorphs within this order exhibit remarkable diversity, displaying acervular, pycnidial, or synnematal conidiomata, and produce unicellular to septate, hyaline to pigmented, various shaped conidia (Norphanphoun et al. 2016; Braun et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2019a, 2021b, 2025; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2020; Cai et al. 2024). Ecologically, nearly all Diaporthales species are associated with plants, functioning as endophytes, pathogens, or saprobes (Crous et al. 2012b; Fan et al. 2018; Dissanayake et al. 2024). Notably, many of these fungi inhabit tree species, where they commonly cause diseases such as leaf spots, branch and twig cankers, and fruit rots (Lennox et al. 2004; Shuttleworth and Guest 2017; Jayawardena et al. 2018; Udayanga et al. 2021; Liu et al. 2024). Among these, the most renowned is Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, which has had devastating effects on Castanea dentata populations (Jiang et al. 2019b, 2020). This pathogen exemplifies the significant ecological and economic impacts that Diaporthales fungi can have on forest ecosystems and plant health (Zhang and Blackwell 2001; Xavier et al. 2019; Roux et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2023; Zauza et al. 2023; Zhu et al. 2024). Currently, Diaporthales contains 35 families supported by combined morphology and molecular phylogeny (Zhang et al. 2025).

The family Pseudoplagiostomataceae, containing a sole genus Pseudoplagiostoma, was originally established by Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) to accommodate three fungal species associated with Eucalyptus leaf diseases, with Ps. eucalypti designated as the type species. Subsequent taxonomic studies have expanded this genus, with most described species being plant pathogens predominantly distributed in subtropical and tropical regions (Suwannarach et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2016; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Silva et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2023; Haituk et al. 2024; Mu et al. 2024a, 2024b; Wu et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2025). Notably, Ps. eucalypti has been identified as an economically significant pathogen, causing black spot disease on Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi, China and emerging as a destructive pathogen in northern India (Cao et al. 2023; Negi et al. 2024). Another important species, Ps. mangiferae, has been reported as a causal agent of mango leaf disease in Taiwan, China (Zhou et al. 2022).

The family Pyrisporaceae, currently comprising a single genus Pyrispora with its type species P. castaneae, was established based on a leaf-inhabiting fungus isolated from Castanea mollissima in China (Jiang et al. 2021a). This species exhibits diaporthalean characteristics in both teleomorphic and anamorphic stages, displaying morphological similarities with members of Gnomoniaceae (Jiang et al. 2021a). Nevertheless, comprehensive phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated that Pyrisporaceae represents a distinct evolutionary lineage separate from Gnomoniaceae (Jiang et al. 2021a). Interestingly, a morphologically similar fungus, Ps. castaneae, was subsequently described from C. mollissima in Shandong, China (Mu et al. 2022). However, morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that this taxon represents a synonym of Pyrispora castaneae (Mu et al. 2024a, 2024b).

Morphologically, members of Pseudoplagiostomataceae share several characteristics with Gnomoniaceae in their teleomorphic stage, particularly in possessing solitary, immersed, non-stromatic ascomata with lateral beaks, asci featuring distinct apical rings, and 1-septate ascospores (Barr 1978; Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). A distinctive feature of Pseudoplagiostomataceae is the production of thick-walled conidia, a characteristic also observed in Plagiostoma species within Gnomoniaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017a, 2018; Yang et al. 2020). In contrast, Pyrisporaceae, while also exhibiting non-stromatic ascomata, is distinguished by the presence of aseptate ascospores, a key diagnostic feature that differentiates it from Pseudoplagiostomataceae (Jiang et al. 2021a). Moreover, the absence of thick-walled conidia in Pyrisporaceae serves as a significant morphological character for distinguishing between these two taxa (Jiang et al. 2021a).

In this study, we investigated fungal pathogens associated with Fagaceae, a crucial plant family widely distributed in China. We specifically collected diseased leaf samples to isolate and identify fungal strains belonging to the genera Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora. The primary objectives of this research are: (1) to elucidate the species diversity of these two diaporthalean genera associated with Fagaceae hosts, and (2) to clarify and refine the taxonomic concepts of Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora through comprehensive morphological and molecular analyses.

Materials and methods

Surveys and isolations

Leaves of various Fagaceae hosts including Castanopsis carlesii, Ca. choboensis, Ca. patelliformis, Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis, Quercus aliena, Q. engleriana, and Q. variabilis with leaf spots were collected across Anhui, Guizhou, Hainan, and Henan Provinces in China in 2019. The sampled leaves were transported to the laboratory in paper bags for fungal isolation. Initially, the leaves were rinsed with tap water to remove surface debris and dried using sterilized absorbent cotton. Subsequently, the samples were surface disinfected by immersing them in 95% ethanol for 10 seconds, 10% NaOCl for 2 minutes, 70% ethanol for 2 minutes, followed by rinsing in distilled water for 2 minutes and drying again with sterilized absorbent cotton. The leaves were then aseptically cut into 0.5 × 0.5 cm pieces using a sterile double-edged blade. Pieces containing both diseased and healthy tissues were transferred onto the potato dextrose agar (PDA; containing 200 g potatoes, 20 g dextrose, and 20 g agar per liter) and incubated at 25 °C to obtain pure fungal cultures. Dried cultures such as the fungarium specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF; http://museum.caf.ac.cn/), and the isolates were preserved at the China Forestry Culture Collection Center (CFCC; https://cfcc.caf.ac.cn/).

Morphological analyses

The isolates obtained in this study were subcultured on PDA, malt extract agar (MEA; 30 g malt extract, 5 g mycological peptone, 15 g agar per liter), and synthetic nutrient agar (SNA; 0.2 g glucose, 0.2 g sucrose, 1 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g potassium nitrate, 0.25 g magnesium sulfate anhydrous, 0.5 g potassium chloride, 14 g agar per liter) plates to induce the formation of fruiting bodies. Colony characteristics were observed and documented. Rayner (1970) was followed for colony color determination. Sporulated cultures were examined using a Zeiss Discovery V8 stereomicroscope (Jena, Germany) and microscopic structures, including conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, and conidia, were photographed using an Olympus BX51 microscope (Tokyo, Japan). A total of 30 conidiogenous cells and 50 conidia of each species were randomly selected for measurement, with the results presented as maximum and minimum values (in parentheses), along with the range expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.

Molecular analyses

Fungal genomic DNA was extracted from colonies cultivated on PDA plates for 10 days using the Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), adhering to the manufacturer’s instructions. Five loci were targeted for amplification: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the large subunit nrDNA (LSU), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), and the partial beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes. The primer pairs used for amplification were ITS1/ITS4 for ITS, LR0R/LR5 for LSU, RPB2-5F/fRPB2-7cR for RPB2, EF1-728F/EF1-986R or EF1-728F/EF2 for TEF1-α, and Bt2a/Bt2b for TUB2 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990; White et al. 1990; Glass and Donaldson 1995; Carbone and Kohn 1999; Liu et al. 1999; Rehner et al. 2001). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 sec, annealing at 48 °C (for ITS and LSU), 54 °C (for TEF1-α and TUB2), or 55 °C (for RPB2) for 50 sec, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with a final elongation step at 72 °C for 7 min. The resulting amplicons were sequenced bidirectionally using the same primers by Ruibo Xingke Biotechnology Company Limited (Beijing, China). The obtained sequences were assembled and edited using Seqman v. 7.1.0 (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI, USA) and subsequently deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (Suppl. material 1). Sequence alignments for the five loci (ITS, LSU, RPB2, TEF1-α, and TUB2) were conducted using MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh and Standley 2023) and further refined through manual adjustments in MEGA v. 7.0.21.

Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the concatenated dataset of the five loci using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) approaches. For the ML analysis, the GTR substitution model was employed, and 1000 bootstrap replicates were conducted through the CIPRES Science Gateway portal (https://www.phylo.org/; Miller et al. 2010) using RAxML-HPC BlackBox v. 8.2.10 (Stamatakis 2008). For the BI analysis, partition-specific evolutionary models were selected using MrModeltest v. 2.3 based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations were executed in MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) with two independent runs, each comprising 10 million generations and starting from random trees. Convergence of the runs was confirmed by ensuring the average standard deviation of split frequencies was below 0.01, and trees were sampled every 1000 generations. The initial 25% of the sampled trees were discarded as burn-in, and posterior probabilities (BPP) were calculated from the remaining trees. Bootstrap support (BS) values in the ML analysis were derived from 1000 replicates, and the resulting phylogenetic trees were visualized and annotated using FigTree v. 1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018).

The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test was performed using the SplitsTree App to assess potential recombination events among closely related phylogenetic species (Huson and Bryant 2024). The analysis utilized a concatenated dataset of five loci (ITS, LSU, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2), and the Φw-statistic below 0.05 (p-value < 0.05) revealed significant evidence of recombination. To further elucidate relationships among closely related taxa, split graphs were constructed using the Log-Det transformation and split decomposition methods, offering a clear and intuitive visualization of phylogenetic associations.

Results

Phylogeny

The concatenated dataset of ITS, LSU, RPB2, TEF1-α, and TUB2 included 82 strains, encompassing a total of 3,230 characters (ITS: 1-553; LSU: 554-1,349; RPB2: 1,350-2,207; TEF1-α: 2,208-2,720; TUB2: 2,721-3,230), with gaps included. The maximum likelihood (ML) analysis yielded an optimization likelihood value of -24659.30 for the best RAxML tree, with the alignment matrix containing 1,328 distinct patterns and 20.21% undetermined characters or gaps. The estimated nucleotide frequencies were as follows: A = 0.232135, C = 0.269862, G = 0.265440, and T = 0.232563. The substitution rates were calculated as AC = 2.097626, AG = 4.485069, AT = 1.996030, CG = 1.192343, CT = 8.147705, and GT = 1.0. The gamma distribution shape parameter (α) was estimated at 0.220442. For Bayesian inference (BI) analysis, the most suitable evolutionary models for each locus were determined using MrModeltest, with SYM+I+G4 selected for ITS, TNe+R2 for LSU, TIM3e+I+G4 for RPB2, TPM2+F+I+G4 for TEF1-α, and HKY+F+I+G4 for TUB2. The BI results were consistent with the ML tree topology. Branches in Fig. 1 are annotated with ML bootstrap support values (BS) ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) ≥ 0.95. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 14 isolates formed five well-defined clades within Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora, representing four novel species and a known species (Fig. 1). Notably, Ps. wuyishanense and Ps. ilicis form a single clade with high support values (MLB/PP = 100/1), while Ps. diaoluoshanense and Ps. mangiferae form another well-supported distinct clade (MLB/PP = 97/0.95). In addition, isolates of Ps. humilis and Ps. myracrodruonis clustered as two supported clades within Pyrispora.

Figure 1. 

Phylogram of Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the ITS, LSU, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2 gene loci. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstrap values (left, ML BS ≥ 70%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.95). Ex-type strains are marked with *.

PHI analysis

To validate species delineation within Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora, PHI analysis was conducted. Two clades, comprising both established and newly proposed species, were selected for testing: Clade A included Ps. castanopsidis, Ps. jasmini, Ps. jianfenglingense, Ps. fagacearum, Ps. neocastanopsidis, and Ps. quercus, while Clade B comprised Py. castaneae, Py. humilis, Py. myracrodruonis, and Py. quercicola. The PHI test revealed no significant evidence of genetic recombination within these clades (Clade A, p = 1.0; Clade B, p = 1.0; Fig. 2). These results provide robust support for the genetic distinctness of the four new species proposed in this study, confirming their validity as separate taxonomic entities.

Figure 2. 

The split graphs of a PHI test result of Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora species using the LogDet transformation and split decomposition options based on the combined ITS, LSU, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2 gene loci. A p = 1.0. B p = 1.0.

Taxonomy

Pseudoplagiostoma fagacearum Ning Jiang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 841327
Fig. 3

Etymology.

Named after the host family, Fagaceae.

Diagnosis.

Distinct from Ps. castanopsidis by longer conidia; and from Ps. jasmini, Ps. jianfenglingense, Ps. neocastanopsidis and Ps. quercus by wider conidia.

Figure 3. 

Morphology of Pseudoplagiostoma fagacearum (CFCC 54425): A colonies on PDA, MEA and SNA after 10 days at 25 °C B conidioma formed on PDA C conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia D–G conidia. Scale bars: 500 μm (B); 10 μm (C–G).

Typus.

CHINA • Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Suiyang County, Kuankuoshui Natural Reserve, on diseased leaves of Quercus engleriana, 23 November 2019, Dan-ran Bian (holotype CAF800039; ex-type culture CFCC 54425).

Description.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, erumpent, globose to pulvinate, brown, 400–750 μm diam., exuding a brown conidial mass. Conidiophores indistinct, often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, lageniform to ampulliform, attenuate towards the apex, phialidic, 13.5–18.5 × 4–5.5 μm. Conidia holoblastic, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, multi-guttulate, ellipsoid, oblong-cylindrical, slightly constricted at the middle, slightly curved, base tapering to a flat protruding scar, (18–)18.5–21(–22.5) × (10.5–)11–13(–14) μm (n = 50), L/W = 1.4–2.1, with a prominent hilum.

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with flocculent aerial mycelia and floccose margin, vinaceous buff, reaching 90 mm diam. after 1 week at 25 °C, forming brown conidiomata with brown conidial masses. Colonies on MEA flat, dense, surface folded, with moderate flocculent aerial mycelia and even margin, lavender gray to buff, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Colonies on SNA flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelia and smooth margin, white to rosy buff, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile.

Additional materials examined.

CHINA • Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Suiyang County, Kuankuoshui Natural Reserve, on diseased leaves of Quercus engleriana, 23 November 2019, Dan-ran Bian (cultures CFCC 54446 and CFCC 54410); • Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Honghuagang District, Zunyi Normal University, on diseased leaves of Castanopsis choboensis, 24 November 2019, Shang Sun (culture CFCC 54449); • Hainan Province, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Bawangling National Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis, 30 March 2019, Yong Li (culture CFCC 54393).

Distribution.

China, Guizhou and Hainan Provinces.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf spot disease of Castanopsis choboensis, Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis and Quercus engleriana.

Notes.

Five isolates obtained from leaf spots of Castanopsis choboensis, Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis, and Quercus engleriana formed a well-supported clade, which is newly described here as Pseudoplagiostoma fagacearum. This species is phylogenetically closely related to Ps. castanopsidis, Ps. jasmini, Ps. jianfenglingense, Ps. neocastanopsidis and Ps. quercus (Fig. 1). However, Ps. fagacearum (18.5–21 × 11–13 μm) has wider conidia than Ps. jasmini (14–22 × 6.5–11 μm), Ps. jianfenglingense (19–22 × 8.5–11 μm), Ps. neocastanopsidis (19–22 × 9–10 μm), and Ps. quercus (17–21 × 9.5–11 μm), and longer conidia than Ps. castanopsidis (16.5–19.8 × 8.7–12.8 μm) (Gomdola et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2025).

Pseudoplagiostoma jianfenglingense Zhao X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-025-00551-4 (2025)

Fig. 4

Description.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, erumpent, globose, dark brown, 150–400 μm diam., exuding a dark conidial mass. Conidiophores indistinct, often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, lageniform to ampulliform, phialidic, 11–26 × 4–6.5 μm. Conidia holoblastic, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, multi-guttulate, ellipsoid, oblong-cylindrical, slightly constricted at the middle, slightly curved, base tapering to a flat protruding scar, (16.5–)17.5–19.5(–20.5) × (10.5–)11–12.5(–13) μm (n = 50), L/W = 1.4–1.8, with a prominent hilum.

Figure 4. 

Morphology of Pseudoplagiostoma jianfenglingense (CFCC 54396): A colonies on PDA, MEA and SNA after 10 days at 25 °C B conidioma formed on PDA C conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia D–G conidia. Scale bars: 300 μm (B); 10 μm (C–G).

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with flocculent aerial mycelia and even margin, forming white to smoke grey circular center area and sepia outer area, fast growing, reaching 90 mm diam. after 1 week at 25 °C, forming dark brown conidiomata with dark conidial masses. Colonies on MEA flat, dense, surface folded, with abundant aerial mycelia and floccose margin, forming ochreous circular center area and white outer area, reaching 80 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Colonies on SNA flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelia and undulating margin, cinnamon, slowly growing, reaching 70 mm diam. after 3 weeks at 25 °C, sterile.

Materials examined.

CHINA • Hainan Province, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Bawangling National Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis, 30 March 2019, Yong Li (CAF800038; cultures CFCC 54396 and CFCC 55894).

Distribution.

China, Hainan Province.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf spot disease of Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis.

Notes.

Two isolates obtained from leaf spots of Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis formed a well-supported clade with two isolates of Pseudoplagiostoma jianfenglingense from unknown leaves (Fig. 1; Zhang et al. 2025). Hence, Cy. patelliformis become a new host for Ps. jianfenglingense.

Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae Dayar., Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 95: 121 (2019)

Synonym.

Pseudoplagiostoma diaoluoshanense Zhao X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang

Description.

See Phookamsak et al. (2019).

Distribution.

China, Hainan and Yunnan Provinces.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf blight disease of Mangifera hosts.

Notes.

Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae was first described from Yunnan Province, China, where it was found associated with leaf blight symptoms on Mangifera sp. (Phookamsak et al. 2019). Subsequently, Ps. diaoluoshanense was proposed based on two isolates obtained from leaf spots of Mangifera indica in Hainan, China (Zhang et al. 2025). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these three isolates from Mangifera hosts formed a well-supported monophyletic clade (Fig. 1). Notably, they exhibit only minor sequence variations, with 2 bp differences in the ITS region and no variation in the LSU region.

Pseudoplagiostoma neocastanopsidis Ning Jiang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 841324
Fig. 5

Etymology.

Name refers to its closest relative, Pseudoplagiostoma castanopsidis.

Figure 5. 

Morphology of Pseudoplagiostoma neocastanopsidis (CFCC 54447): A colonies on PDA, MEA and SNA after 10 days at 25 °C B conidioma formed on PDA C conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia D–G conidia. Scale bars: 500 μm (B); 10 μm (C–G).

Diagnosis.

Distinct from its phylogenetically related species of Ps. castanopsidis and Ps. jasmini by wider conidiogenous cells.

Typus.

CHINA • Hainan Province, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Bawangling National Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Castanopsis carlesii, 30 March 2019, Yong Li (holotype CAF800037; ex-type culture CFCC 54447).

Description.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, erumpent, globose to pulvinate, brown, 300–700 μm diam., exuding an orange conidial mass. Conidiophores indistinct, often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, lageniform to ampulliform, attenuate towards the apex, phialidic, 11.5–22 × 3.5–6.5 μm. Conidia holoblastic, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, multi-guttulate, ellipsoid, oblong-cylindrical, slightly constricted at the middle, slightly curved, base tapering to a flat protruding scar, (18.5–)19–22(–24) × (8.5–)9–10(–10.5) μm (n = 50), L/W = 1.8–2.7, with a prominent hilum.

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with abundant aerial mycelia and even margin, forming pale luteous center area, white middle area and smoke grey outer area, fast growing, reaching 90 mm diam. after 1 week at 25 °C, forming brown conidiomata with orange conidial masses. Colonies on MEA flat, spreading, with flocculent aerial mycelia and undulating margin, white to saffron, fast growing, reaching 90 mm diam. after 1 week at 25 °C, sterile. Colonies on SNA flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelia and feathery margin, pale luteous to orange, slowly growing, reaching 70 mm diam. after 3 weeks at 25 °C, sterile.

Additional material examined.

CHINA • Hainan Province, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Bawangling National Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Castanopsis carlesii, 30 March 2019, Yong Li (culture CFCC 52809).

Distribution.

China, Hainan Province.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf spot disease of Castanopsis carlesii.

Notes.

Two isolates from leaf spots of Castanopsis carlesii clustered in a well-supported clade here newly described as Pseudoplagiostoma neocastanopsidis, which is phylogenetically close to Ps. castanopsidis and Ps. jasmini (Fig. 1). Morphologically, Ps. neocastanopsidis is similar to Ps. castanopsidis and Ps. jasmini in conidial size (Gomdola et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2025). However, Ps. neocastanopsidis differs from Ps. jasmini in conidial color (hyaline conidia in Ps. neocastanopsidis vs. brown conidia in Ps. jasmini). Furthermore, Ps. neocastanopsidis has wider conidiogenous cells than Ps. castanopsidis and Ps. jasmini (11.5–22 × 3.5–6.5 μm in Ps. neocastanopsidis vs. 9–16.8 × 2.2–2.9 μm in Ps. castanopsidis vs. 7.7–13.7 × 1.6–2.4 μm in Ps. jasmini) (Gomdola et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2025).

Pseudoplagiostoma quercus Ning Jiang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 841328
Fig. 6

Etymology.

Named after the host genus, Quercus.

Figure 6. 

Morphology of Pseudoplagiostoma quercus (CFCC 55232): A colonies on PDA, MEA and SNA after 10 days at 25 °C B conidioma formed on PDA C conidiogenous cells giving rise to a conidium D–G conidia. Scale bars: 500 μm (B); 10 μm (C–G).

Diagnosis.

Distinct from its closely related species of Ps. jianfenglingense by sequence data.

Typus.

CHINA • Henan Province, Xinyang City, Pingqiao District, Haotang Village, on diseased leaves of Quercus aliena, 7 August 2019, Yong Li (holotype CAF800040; ex-type culture CFCC 55232).

Description.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, erumpent, globose to pulvinate, black, 300–700 μm diam., exuding a brown conidial mass. Conidiophores indistinct, often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, attenuate towards the apex, phialidic, 10–25 × 2–8.5 μm. Conidia holoblastic, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, multi-guttulate, ellipsoid, oblong-cylindrical, slightly constricted at the middle, slightly curved, base tapering to a flat protruding scar, (16–)17–21(–21.5) × (8.5–)9.5–11(–11.5) μm (n = 50), L/W = 1.6–2.3, with a prominent hilum.

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelia and smooth margin, white to smoke gray, reaching 80 mm. diam after 2 weeks at 25 °C, forming black conidiomata with brown conidial masses. Colonies on MEA flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelia and smooth margin, forming concentric rings, white to rosy buff, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Colonies on SNA flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelia and undulating margin, white to isabelline, slowly growing, reaching 70 mm diam. after 3 weeks at 25 °C, sterile.

Additional materials examined.

CHINA • Henan Province, Xinyang City, Pingqiao District, Haotang Village, on diseased leaves of Quercus aliena, 7 August 2019, Yong Li (culture CFCC 55192); • Henan Province, Xinyang City, Shihe District, Boerdeng Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Quercus variabilis, 7 August 2019, Yong Li (culture CFCC 55262).

Distribution.

China, Henan Province.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf spot disease of Quercus aliena and Q. variabilis.

Notes.

Three isolates obtained from leaf spots of Quercus aliena and Q. variabilis formed a well-supported clade, described here as Pseudoplagiostoma quercus, which is phylogenetically sister to Ps. jianfenglingense (Fig. 1). Morphologically, Ps. quercus and Ps. jianfenglingense exhibit similar conidial shapes and dimensions. However, the two species can be clearly distinguished by sequence divergence, with nucleotide differences of 6/551 in ITS, 1/796 in LSU, 45/536 in TEF-1α, and 22/471 in TUB2.

Pseudoplagiostoma wuyishanense T.C. Mu & J. Zhi Qiu, J. Fungi 10(6, no. 383): 11 (2024)

Synonym.

Pseudoplagiostoma ilicis T.C. Mu & J.Z. Qiu

Description.

See Mu et al. (2024a, 2024b).

Distribution.

China.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf diseases of Ilex chinensis.

Notes.

Pseudoplagiostoma wuyishanense was described as a novel species inhabiting branches of an unidentified tree in Fujian Province, China, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (Mu et al. 2024a). Subsequently, Ps. ilicis was proposed as a distinct species based on two isolates obtained from diseased leaves of Ilex chinensis in the same geographical region (Mu et al. 2024b). However, during the establishment of P. ilicis, no comparative analysis was conducted with the previously described P. wuyishanense. Through detailed examination, it has been determined that these two taxa exhibit identical morphological characteristics and phylogenetic positions (Fig. 1; Mu et al. 2024a, b). Consequently, in accordance with the principle of priority in taxonomic nomenclature based on publication dates, Ps. ilicis is hereby designated as a synonym of Ps. wuyishanense.

Pyrispora C.M. Tian & N. Jiang, J. Fungi 7(1, no. 64): 32 (2021)

Synonym.

Neoplagiostoma Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang

Notes.

The genus Pyrispora was introduced with Py. castaneae as its type species, isolated from Castanea mollissima in China (Jiang et al. 2021a). Later, Pseudoplagiostoma castaneae was described from the same host and was subsequently treated as a synonym of Py. castaneae (Mu et al. 2022, 2024b). Recently, Zhang et al. (2025) proposed the genus Neoplagiostoma, typified by N. castaneae based on the basionym Ps. castaneae, but failed to compare it with Pyrispora either morphologically or phylogenetically. Our study confirms that N. castaneae and Py. castaneae are identical in host association, geographic distribution, morphology, and phylogenetic placement (Fig. 1). Therefore, Neoplagiostoma should be regarded as a synonym of Pyrispora.

Pyrispora castaneae C.M. Tian & N. Jiang, J. Fungi 7(1, no. 64): 32 (2021)

Synonyms.

Neoplagiostoma castaneae Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang.

Pseudoplagiostoma castaneae T.C. Mu, J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang.

Description.

See Jiang et al. (2021a).

Distribution.

China.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf diseases of Castanea mollissima.

Notes.

Based on the evidence presented above, Neoplagiostoma castaneae and Pseudoplagiostoma castaneae should be reduced to synonyms under Pyrispora castaneae.

Pyrispora humilis (L.P.P. Magalhães, N.L.P. Sales & A. C. da Silva) Ning Jiang, comb. nov.

MycoBank No: 858921

Basionym.

Pseudoplagiostoma humilis L.P.P. Magalhães, N.L.P. Sales & A. C. da Silva

Description.

See Magalhães et al. (2024).

Distribution.

Brazil.

Ecology.

Causing shoot blight and dieback of Anacardium humile.

Notes.

The genus Pseudoplagiostoma is characterized by producing holoblastic, hyaline to brown, ellipsoid, unicellular, subglobose to broadly allantoid, thick-walled conidia with a prominent hilum. Although Ps. humilis was recently described in this genus based on similar anamorphic characteristics (Magalhães et al. 2024), it differs notably by lacking both thick-walled conidia and a prominent hilum. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analyses robustly support the placement of this species within Pyrispora (Fig. 1). Based on these combined morphological and molecular evidences, we formally propose the transfer of Ps. humilis to Pyrispora.

Pyrispora myracrodruonis (A.P.S.L. Pádua, T.G.L. Oliveira, Souza-Motta, & J.D.P. Bezerra) Ning Jiang, comb. nov.

MycoBank No: 857270

Basionym.

Pseudoplagiostoma myracrodruonis A.P.S.L. Pádua, T.G.L. Oliveira, Souza-Motta, & J.D.P. Bezerra

Description.

See Bezerra et al. (2019).

Distribution.

Brazil.

Ecology.

Endophytic in leaves of Myracrodruon urundeuva.

Notes.

Based on the same phylogenetic and morphological evidence presented above, we propose the transfer of Pseudoplagiostoma myracrodruonis to the genus Pyrispora as Py. myracrodruonis comb. nov.

Pyrispora quercicola Ning Jiang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 841329
Fig. 7

Etymology.

Named after the host genus Quercus and “-cola” = “inhabiting”.

Figure 7. 

Morphology of Pyrispora quercicola (CFCC 54868): A colonies on PDA, MEA and SNA after 10 days at 25 °C B conidioma formed on PDA C–E conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia F, G conidia. Scale bars: 300 μm (B); 10 μm (C–G).

Diagnosis.

Distinct from Py. castaneae by the host genus.

Typus.

China • Anhui Province, Hefei City, Shushan District, Dashushan Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Quercus aliena, 2 November 2019, Dan-ran Bian (holotype CAF800041; ex-type culture CFCC 54868).

Description.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, erumpent, globose to pulvinate, dark brown, 200–450 μm diam., exuding a brown conidial mass. Conidiophores indistinct, usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, pyriform base with long neck, straight or slightly curved, unbranched, phialidic, 10.5–44 × 1–2.5 μm. Conidia holoblastic, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, multi-guttulate, ellipsoidal, straight, (10.5–)11.5–13.5(–15) × 4.5–5(–5.5) μm (n = 50), L/W = 2.1–3.3.

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on PDA erumpent, spreading, with flocculent aerial mycelia and undulating margin, forming concentric rings, forming brown vinaceous center area and smoke gray to pale purplish gray outer area, reaching 90 mm diam. after 1 week at 25 °C, forming dark brown conidiomata with brown conidial masses. Colonies on MEA flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelia and undulating margin, forming brown circular center area and buff outer area, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, sterile. Colonies on SNA flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelia and undulating margin, white to smoke gray, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C, forming dark brown conidiomata with brown conidial masses.

Additional material examined.

China • Anhui Province, Hefei City, Shushan District, Dashushan Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Quercus aliena, 2 November 2019, Dan-ran Bian (culture CFCC 54375).

Distribution.

China, Anhui Province.

Ecology.

Associated with leaf spot disease of Quercus aliena.

Notes.

Two isolates from leaf spots of Quercus aliena clustered into a well-supported clade here newly described as Pyrispora quercicola, which represents the fourth species of the genus Pyrispora and the family Pyrisporaceae (Fig. 1). Pyrispora quercicola is similar to Py. castaneae in conidial shape and size (Jiang et al. 2021a). However, they can be distinguished by the host association and the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 1).

Discussion

The classification of Diaporthales has undergone significant revisions over time, evolving from a system primarily based on teleomorph characteristics to a more comprehensive approach that integrates teleomorph, anamorph, and molecular phylogenetic data derived from ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TEF1-α gene sequences (Barr 1978; Castlebury et al. 2002; Cheewangkoon et al. 2010; Senanayake et al. 2016, 2017a, b, 2018; Fan et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2020; Hongsanan et al. 2023). As demonstrated in recent taxonomic work, this integrated approach has successfully established a well-resolved classification system comprising 35 families (Zhang et al. 2025). In this study, we examined new specimens of Pseudoplagiostomataceae and Pyrisporaceae associated with leaf spots on Fagaceae hosts in China. Our findings led to the description of four novel species: Ps. fagaceaearum, Ps. neocastanopsidis, Ps. quercus, and Py. quercicola. Additionally, we propose the transfer of Ps. humilis and Ps. myracrodruonis to the genus Pyrispora based on their unthickened conidial walls, a taxonomic revision strongly supported by phylogenetic evidence. Furthermore, we synonymized Neoplagiostoma with Pyrispora, N. castaneae and Ps. castaneae with Py. castaneae, Ps. ilicis with Ps. wuyishanense, and Ps. diaoluoshanense with Ps. mangiferae due to their identical morphological features and molecular phylogeny.

Members of Diaporthales generally exhibit strong congruence between morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships, particularly within several well-defined groups such as Cytosporaceae, Diaporthaceae, and Gnomoniaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017a, 2018; Fan et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2020). Furthermore, several families with distinctive morphological features have been firmly established in distinct phylogenetic positions, including Asterosporiaceae, Coryneaceae, Erythrogloeaceae, Mastigosporellaceae, and Synnemasporellaceae (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014; Senanayake et al. 2017a, 2018; Jiang et al. 2024). Nevertheless, certain families demonstrate morphological convergence despite occupying distinct phylogenetic positions, as exemplified by Juglanconidaceae, Pseudomelanconidaceae, and Melanconidaceae (Voglmayr et al. 2012, 2017; Fan et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2020). These observations highlight the necessity for expanded specimen collection, particularly from underrepresented families, to enhance our understanding of evolutionary patterns and diversification strategies within Diaporthales.

Recent studies have established Pseudoplagiostoma as an emerging fungal genus pathogenic to trees, primarily associated with leaf spot diseases (Suwannarach et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2016; Silva et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2023; Haituk et al. 2024; Wu et al. 2024). The formation of appressoria by Ps. jasmini during infection of Jasminum grandiflorum leaves has been documented, revealing a morphological feature characteristic of pathogenic fungi like Colletotrichum (Gomdola et al. 2023). However, Pseudoplagiostoma species appear less prevalent than their Colletotrichum counterparts, potentially due to their specialized host adaptation. As presented in Suppl. material 1, nearly all Pseudoplagiostoma species exhibit a strict association with tree hosts, which likely limits both their geographical distribution and evolutionary diversification.

Given the remarkable species diversity of Fagaceae hosts in China, which includes seven genera, Quercus exhibits a broad distribution, while Castanea mollissima is widely cultivated for its economic significance. Future research is likely to uncover additional species of Pseudoplagiostomataceae and Pyrisporaceae.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Adherence to national and international regulations

All the fungal strains used in this study have been legally obtained, respecting the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio Convention).

Funding

This study was supported by Fundamental Research Funds of CAF (CAFYBB2023PA002), and the National Microbial Resource Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (NMRC-2024-7).

Author contributions

Conceptualization (NJ, HX and YL), Methodology (NJ and HX), Software (NJ), Validation (NJ), Formal analysis (NJ), Investigation (NJ and YL), Resources (NJ, HX and YL), Data Curation (NJ, HX and YL), Writing - Original draft (NJ), Writing - Review and Editing (NJ, HX and YL), Visualization (NJ), Supervision (YL), Project administration (NJ, HX and YL), Funding Acquisition (NJ, HX and YL).

Author ORCIDs

Ning Jiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9656-8500

Han Xue https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-6237

Yong Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4406-1329

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.

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Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Species of Pseudoplagiostoma and Pyrispora and their Genbank accession numbers

Ning Jiang

Data type: pdf

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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